Comm 230-502 9/2/09
Reading: Grant and Meadows Ch 1, 2, 3
Chapter 1
• Hardware
• Things that encourage/discourage you to use software
• Internal and external forces that drive you to use the technology or neglect it
• Enabling/Limiting: something that is part of the technology; you either can or can’t do something b/c of these factors
• Motivating/Inhibiting: you are encouraged or discouraged to do something b/c of other factors; driven by things outside of the technology
o Ex: special deal on getting a phone (save $), people around you complaining about a certain phone so you are less inclined to get it
• What are some examples of these factors?
o Limiting
Can’t get more that 100 channels b/c that’s all that your analog cable can hold
Ease of use… (esp. for elderly)
Speed of modem (dial up)
o Enabling
Ease of use…qwerty key board phones
Speed of modem (fast internet)
o Motivating
The FCC sets a deadline to change everything over from regular antenna to cable, satellite, or buy a converter box
o Inhibiting
FCC antenna: if you have an antenna after the cutoff date then you can’t watch TV
Chapter 2 **won’t be a lot covered on tests**
• Covers lots of statistics (most likely won’t need to know these)
• Overview/ general history of technology
o Look at timeline
• First fax machine, 1840
• Pg 34: according to one study, they devised the term “super-communicators” for teenagers
o Cell phones, texting, Facebook, email, etc.
Chapter 3
• Various theories that have been used in the study of comm and technology
o Information society and control revolution
We are more an information society now than a manufacturing one…we don’t make stuff as much as we used to
Control revolution: search engines; how can you do certain things easier?
o Diffusion of innovations
Not how often our technology is update, but more so, how do people know about these innovations?
Adoption:
• Innovators: people that will try things first, even the buggy ones like the 1980’s cell phones…these are the people that waited in line for the IPhone
• Early Adopters: a step up from innovators, they waited a few months to make sure the IPhones work then they buy one
• Early Majority: they buy the 3G IPhone b/c they know it works
• Late Majority: parents…they are the last ones to jump on the bandwagon, hesitant to update to newer technology
• Lagers: slow to change over and update to new technology…almost refuse to adopt
o Critical Mass
There is a certain amount/mass of people that have to adopt the new product for it to become influential; the tipping point
o Social Information Processing
The way we think of media and technology is in part subjective and socially constructive
• What’s going on around you, your social circle
o Uses and Gratifications
What can they do with it?
Why do they use it?
What are they getting from it?
o Media System Dependency
How dependent are you on your media/how dependent is the media on you?
• Symmetrical
• Ex: you need the networks to put shows on TV, they need you to watch it to have a reason and means to produce it
o Modeling and Social Cognition
Ex: Grand Theft Auto
• People don’t actually just go out and do this b/c they see it…that’s the social cognition part of it
o Economics
Long Tail: last a long time, will stick around, more beneficial
• This is what companies should look to do
Hit: gets a bunch of money at once then goes away
Reading: Grant and Meadows Ch 4, 5
Chapter 4
• 2 different ways that affect organizations
o Hardware
Production
• Making the products, assembling the computers, cameras, etc.
• High Tech equipment such as what news stations use ($45,000 camera)
Consumer
• CPE: Consumer Premises Equipment; industry jargon for equipment
o Software
Creation/Duplication of product
Distribution to consumers
• This is constantly changing b/c people want nearly instant gratification
o Ex: movie releases
• Risk: buying too much of the product, then not being able to sell it all
• Diffusion Threshold:
o Companies, People to make microchips, Distribution chains, Trucks to deliver, Stores to sell them, etc.
You must achieve all of this to be truly successful
This is why so many companies use vertical integration
Vertical Integration
• You own all of the steps from production, duplication, distributing, and maybe even down to owning the store where it is sold.
Horizontal Integration
• You want to control all of one aspect…such as all of duplication
o Often times broken up b/c they are viewed as monopolies
Apple/ITunes: #1 music store in country
• Advertising
o Product Placement on shows
o Online videos, introduction or short bits during show
o Selective advertising, you have the option to close it
o Targeted advertising, what ads would you want to see?
Chapter 5
• History
• Examples of policy
• First Amendment:
o Cable television (ESPN, Fox Sports, what you get if you pay for it) vs. network television (NBC, CBS, everyone gets it through an antenna)
Cable can get away with a lot more…they have fewer rules
If you don’t like what’s on the tv, don’t pay for it
o Network Neutrality: idea that the internet should be free in terms of what can be posted
Ex: Comcast- has limited the use of bandwidth if they noticed that you were sharing files/music or downloading torrents
Issue is: where would you draw the line at what can be regulated?
Chapter 6
• FCC transition
o set date: Dec. 36; Feb 17 was the deadline set after complaints
o target populations through advertising/explaining
Hispanic
Elderly
o Why do you think the FCC decided to continue with transition (targeted for Feb), even though 15% of American households could not/ would not convert?
70% of people using antenna would decide to use converter box
Only 10% that couldn’t get digital TV actually decided to switch over to cable or satellite
20% of people that had an antenna ditched TV all together
What kind of people do you think were in these households?
• Minorities
• Rural households
• Low income
o FCC initially allocated 2 coupons per household (so could get converter boxes for 2 TVs)
FCC initially allocated $990 M ended up spending $1.5 B
o One of the main criticisms of how the project was handled
Didn’t advertise until close to switch date
o Why did we decide to go with digital TV?
Japan used HDTV in 1986
We (our class) didn’t really hear about it until the last 2 years or so
• HDTV
o Interlaced scanning (I): you have screen with lines of data, first it scans the odd lines on the TV really quickly, then it comes back and scans the even ones to create the full video every 1/30th of a second; creates digital artifacts/pixels (not great quality); more spectrum efficient
o Progressive scanning (P): creates a full picture every time it scans on one pass; creates better picture quality
o 13.7-35% have TV’s that are HDTV capable
• The effect that mobile/wireless video can have on TV
o It’s convenient for when you’re not by a TV, but you aren’t likely to switch entirely to watching shows just on your phone
Chapter 7
• Cable TV: majority of Americans use
o Began in the 1950’s as a way for rural communities to get TV
o 1970’s series of deregulations which allowed people to install cable anywhere
Satellite communications were also deregulated
• Private companies could have satellites in space (not just gov’t anymore)
Major cable channels arise
• HBO: 1st paid service
• ESPN
Cable became a way to get more channel than just the 3 or 4 previously broadcast
o 68% of TV users have cable
Largest provider: Time Warner
#8: Suddenlink
• Pay Per View/ Video on Demand
o Pay for boxing, MMA, UFC, movies, etc
• Premium Channels
o Showtime and HBO
o Largest provider: HBO and Cinemax (they are joined together)
• Satellite
o Largest provider: Dish Network
• Current FCC push for regulations
o Al A Carte regulation: pick and choose which channels you want to view
o Oct 31, 2008 regulation to prohibit multi domain users (MDU’s)
Multiple people in one building/complex were having to use the same company
Chapter 8
• Internet Protocol (IP)- the address assigned to every computer/device that is hooked up to the internet
o Can go to LAN and get the IP address
• Triple Play: bundling services from TV, internet, and phone…all broadband
o Ex: Suddenlink, Verizon
• Streaming Media: first offered in 1995 by Real Media
o Media players began to come out (like Windows)
o Apple, 1999, Quick Time streaming video
o Flash
• Before broadband became as widespread as it is now, streaming video wasn’t very popular b/c it took so long on dial up
o BROADBAND IS KEY leading to streaming video
• Streaming video on way
o Types
Live: big events, like presidential inauguration, sporting events, etc
• Will become more widespread
• Takes more equipment to watch it
On demand: more common on the internet
• Less equipment needed (stored on the web page)
o Progressive download- download video to your hard drive and then watch it at your own convenience
o Most popular streaming video site: YouTube , in July over 7 million videos were streamed by over 100,00 viewers according to en-us.Neilson.com
Issues: copyright laws
o Podcasting: basically like radio shows through the internet
Called podcasts because you can download them to your IPod
o Becomes more popular= bad reactions
Andrew Keen wrote The Cult of the Amateur, says that since it is so easy to make and post videos it is going to destroy the culture of film, TV, and books b/c people will just watch YouTube
Chapter 9
• Interactive Television- TV that you can manipulate
o Ex: Mediaroom by Microsoft
Remote record, multi-view, DVR, parental controls, etc
o DVR
Chapter 10: Radio Broadcasting
• Where do you listen to the radio primarily: your car
• HD Radio
o Better quality, but not easily accessible to everyone
o Note: someone said it’s only better on commercials, not really music quality
• Satellite Radio
o Ex: XM radio made a deal with GM
o Ex: Sirius radio made a deal with Ford
o Perks: you can hear it all around the country
o Truckers are a big market for satellite radio because they travel all around the country
• AM v FM radio
o AM: amplitude modulation – changes the strength of the signal
Was the standard for a very long time
o FM: frequency modulation
Created in 1933 by Edwin Armstrong
WAS WORKING ON CLASS COUNCILS STUFF…DIDN’T GET NOTES
• Clear Channel
• Telecommunications Act of 1966
• Absenteeism: large corporations take control of radio, but aren’t really present
BACK TO PAYING ATTENTION!!!
• Low-power FM stations: similar to the independent stations; they broadcast in a very limited area, only within a few miles of the antenna; mainly very popular with community groups and churches; more cost effective (it’s a lot cheaper when you just use it once a week or something)
• Internet radio
o Ex: Pandora
WAS WORKING ON CLASS COUNCILS STUFF…DIDN’T GET NOTES
• DRM
• RRAA
Ch 12 Notes
Video Games
• Have been growing enormously in popularity over the last few years
o Ex: Halo 3 made $170 million on first day release (makes more money than largest movie opening)
Video gaming is very successful economically
• Ralph Baer
o Considered Magna Box Odyssey 1972, first home video console
• Pong: first (successful) video game released in 1970
o Company: Atari
o Owner: Nolan Buschnell
o Mostly became popular when it was offered at Sears in their catalogue for the Christmas season
• Atari 2600 released in 1977, first console to let you trade out games
• Colecovision was one of the first big competitors to Atari
• Active Vision was the first company made to create games for other people’s systems
o 3rd party system
• Early 1980’s (’83.’84) video game industry crashed
o Atari spent too much money and flooded market with too many games
o ET game basically responsible for crashing market
• NES and first Sega system come out in mid 1980’s, resurgence of home console system
• Nintendo
o Duck hunt and robot game
o Then later Mario
• Portable game systems of late 1970’s/80’s
o Mattel Electronics football (70’s)
o Atari Lynx (80’s)
o Nintendo Game Boy TETRIS WAS THE SH**
• Nintendo has been the leading system for a long time
• Play Station 3, X Box 360 and Wii are the new technologies
• Gaming on cell phones (IPhone)
• Legislation against video games
o Parental outrage over violent games
Mortal Combat (mid 90’s) fighting game that featured very violent fatalities (ripping head off and spine out)
o Hilary Clinton and senator Job Liberman supported movement against video games/gaming
o Govt then created VG rating system ESRB entertainment service ratings board
Not same rating as movie system
Created to provide parents with as much info as they can
Must have ID to buy some mature rated games
o Attorney from FL Jack Thompson fighting for banning of some violent video games, until he was disbarred
• New trend: a game station as an entertainment hub
o Play games
o Watch movies
o Get online
• MMO RPGs : Massively Multi Player Online Role Playing Game
o Ex: War of Warcraft and Evercraft
• Xbox Project Natal
o Using your bosy and/or your own objects (like a skateboard) instead of a controller to play the game
o insannnnnnnnnnnneeeeeeeeeeeeee
• Home video
o Widespread adoption of
o From late 70’s to early 80’s
• 97% of households with tv’s with some sort of video recording device
o Color added in 1953, ability to broadcast color
But didn’t see many color tv shows until 1960s
People didn’t see need in upgrading their black and white tv to a color one
• Most popular tv channels (recent polls)
o ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, Discovery, ESPN, History Channel, PBS
People especially want to keep broadcast
o Increase in channels with cable led to home video
o Cable can offer so many more channels b/c of the co-ax cable
• Two competing VCR formats
o VHS (Jvc)
Attraction: porn movies
o Beta Max (Sony)
Higher quality, better technologically
Faced initial limitations: could only record for one hour
• Rentals started to decline once DVDs were released
o DVDs became a direct sell industry instead of when using VHS rental company had to spend like $100 for a VHS tape from the studio and rent it out
Cheaper, more efficient, more effective
Direct sell benefits companies like Netflix
• TV screen size
o b/t 32 inches and 48 inches
o Take the distance from the location of your viewing point in inches, and the tv location. Divide it by 2 and then by 3, and the size of the tv should be in that range.
• In the future, are we going to use hi-def blue ray discs or just downloads?
• Blue Ray (Sony)
o Blue ray beat out Hd DVD, so even though they lost the VCR battle they won this time
• DSC (digital still camera)
o Dycam introduced in 1990 (professional)
o Apple’s quick take 100, introduced in 1994 (mass market)
• Are most of your pictures one prints or on computer?
o Depends on what you want to do with it
o
• Digital picture frames
o Marketed around Christmas and Mother’s day especially (good gifts for people who aren’t tech savvy…preload the pictures for them)
• Digital Photography Advances
o Carnegie Mellon Clip Art (PCA: Photo Clip Art)
Start with a picture, then add stuff to it (like a scenic picture that you add people to)
• Ex: University advertisements
• Personal purposes
• Marketing purposes
• NOTE: taboo in journalism
o Scene Completion
Start with a picture…say there are some buildings in the way that you want to get rid of…crop those out, look through other pictures from that area, and then place them where the buildings used to be
• Marketing purposes
• NOTE: taboo in journalism
o Spellbinder
• Camera Phone
o Do you actually use the camera? (about once a week or less)
• Privacy issues related to digital photography
o How do you feel when you find pictures taken of you online?
Ex: Facebook
• Employers and universities can look at your pictures, they can decide not to hire you or allow you to be admitted because of pictures such as underage drinking
HOPE THIS HELPS!!!